{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/xg9f47ht6v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Interview with Gerhard Ens"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/128/original/UA_Logo_WHT_RGB_%281%29.png?1725471982","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/\"\u003eAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\u003c/a\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Kule Folklore Centre (Creator)","Ens, Gerhard (Interviewee)","Kampen, Christine (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2004-04-22 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["2 audio files; wav; 00:54:37","audio/x-wav"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["1831ck82x (avalonid)","LC037 (other)","2004-091-4011 (local)","2004-091-4012 (local)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["oral histories (topical)","family life (topical)","religion (topical)","language (topical)","neighbors (topical)","music (topical)","Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (spatial)","Reinland, Manitoba, Canada (spatial)","Gretna, Manitoba, Canada (spatial)","Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada (spatial)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date First Ingested"]},"value":{"en":["2020-01-14"]}},{"label":{"en":["Note"]},"value":{"en":["Interviewee: Ens, Gerhard (creation/production)","Interviewer: Kampen, Christine (creation/production)"]}}],"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/\"\u003eAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\u003c/a\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["University of Alberta Library"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["University of Alberta Library"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/128/original/UA_Logo_WHT_RGB_%281%29.png?1725471982","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/132/740/small/Logo.png?1688577953","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - 2004-091-4011.wav"]},"duration":1821.93052,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/132/740/small/Logo.png?1688577953","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/132/740/original/2004-091-4011.wav?1660929379","type":"Audio","format":"audio/wav","duration":1821.93052,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 1 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Introduction, family background, education, places of residence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=2.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gerhard Ens was born in 1922 the Mennonite village of Gnadental (today Blahodatne) in Ukraine. Shortly afterwards in 1923, his family left for Canada, he spent his first birthday in Southampton, England. They came to the Mennonite settlements in Southern Manitoba, in the so-called West Reserve where they had some relatives. Many arriving immigrants bought farm land there from other Mennonites departing to Mexico.\nEns went to a Mennonite village school, transformed from a private into a public school. They teachers were all Mennonites and taught at least one hour a day in German.\nHe recalls that the living conditions were quite primitive when he grew up.\nOn the way to Canada, Ens' mother was detained in Germany for some time due to an eye disease whereas the rest of the family continued their voyage in July 1923; his mother would join them in November.\nIn winter 1923/24, the family moved to the Mennonite village of Reinland, Manitoba where they bought two quarter sections of land. They started farming in 1925.\nEns' father was born in Yazykovo, Russia but moved to Gnadental shortly afterwards where his mother was born.\nAfter leaving school, Ens spent to years in Gretna, Manitoba, at the Mennonite Collegial Institute. After that, the went to the Winnipeg Normal School to become a teacher. During WW II, he spent most of his time in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, as he was a conscientious objector.\nHis wife was born in Kronstal, Ukraine. She came to Germany in the so-called Great Trek in 1943 and later to Canada in 1948.\nGerhard Ens became a teacher but worked as and orderly in a mental hospital during the war. After that, he spent the rest of his life teaching.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=2.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conscientious objection","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"detention","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=2.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great Trek, 1943-45 (Mennonites)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mennonites","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=2.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family life, ancestry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=531.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ens spent a part of his childhood living with his grandmother. His parents had 11 children, eight boys and three girls.\nHe considers himself of German ancestry although there might be some Flemish or Belgian ancestors.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=531.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"siblings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=531.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food, clothing, farm life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=611.0,875.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ens recalls that the meals in his childhood consisted of Mennonite food. The family had always enough flour to bake bread. They also had chickens, cattle and pigs. They would only buy sugar and salt at the store.\nEns talks about the clothing he wore: \"cheap and durable\". He always wore overalls in school, only on Sunday, the children would put on different clothes.\nThe children had to learn to milk cows at an early age. They also had to clean the barn, look after the horses and feed the hogs and chickens.\nThey always spent holidays cleaning chicken barns.\nEns describes a work day of his father. Besides the work on the farm, his father served as village choir director as well as the local Sunday school superintendent. He had been a teacher in Russia.\nHis mother was a housewife and busy with eleven children. She delivered all her children at home, attended only by a midwife.\n\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=611.0,875.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farm chores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery stores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meals","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"midwifery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overalls","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sunday schools","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=611.0,875.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Farm house","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=875.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Ens family bought their farm, the main buildings (house and barn) had burnt down just before. They just renovated the machine shed which became a two-and-a-half-room house where the family would live for about ten years. Others, like his grandparents, had beautiful farm houses. They lived in their made-shift house until 1936 when they bought the neighbouring yard with a big house on it.\nThey had calendars on the walls as well as framed bible verses.\nEns cannot think about any particular craft practised by his family.\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=875.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"calendars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house fires","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"houses","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sheds","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=875.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious practices, Christmas, Easter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=1044.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ens recalls that his father was instrumental in organizing the local Mennonite Church and served as its secretary. \nThe children attended Sunday school and started to attend church services only as teenagers. The church services were in German.\nHis father was also the custodian of the church library, and as the books were kept at their place, Ens read a huge number of German books.\nEns describes how Christmas was celebrated in his family. Christmas was connected to the school Christmas program. At home, the children received modest gifts. On Christmas Day, Ens visited his paternal grandparents, and on the December 26, his maternal grandparents.\nHe also describes Easter.\n\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=1044.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christmas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christmas trees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious identity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious libraries","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sunday schools","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=1044.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mennonite Church","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=1044.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holidays, language use","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=1318.0,1821.93052"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ens recalls which other holidays were celebrated or not celebrated. He calls Low German his family's lingua franca which they spoke at home whereas High German was used in Sunday school and in church.\nBirthdays weren't much celebrated. Ens hardly knew about Thanksgiving, they only celebrated their \"Erntedankfest\"\nAt Halloween, Ens thought that the village celebrated his father's birthday as his father was born on October 31. Ens and his siblings were never allowed to take part in the mischief that happened. When his teacher organized a Halloween party, some adults in the village were very angry about that. It was the first time when he saw an adult scolding another adult.\nEns quotes a Mennonite who said that there were only two things that weren't a sin: Working hard and going to church on Sunday.\nHis father would measure the children on New Year Day and give everyone a small amount of money.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=1318.0,1821.93052"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Halloween","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Year","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=1318.0,1821.93052"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740/index/52342/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ascension Day","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Erntedankfest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132740#t=1318.0,1821.93052"}]}]},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 2004-091-4012.wav"]},"duration":1456.10014,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/132/741/small/Logo.png?1688577964","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/132/741/original/2004-091-4012.wav?1660929397","type":"Audio","format":"audio/wav","duration":1456.10014,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 2 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Singing, stories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=2.0,354.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ens recalls that he had one brother who became a choir conductor, and a younger sister had also her own choir. In general, he thinks that the whole family was not exceptionally musical. His father played the violin, as did some of his brothers. His mother liked to play the guitar. The children would learn chorals in the evening from their parents. They sang in German.\nThe stories Ens heard in his childhood and which he would pass on to his own children were the fairy tales of the Grimm brothers. Ens' father also read German books to his children.\nDancing was forbidden in his family. When he saw people dancing at the teachers college in Winnipeg, he thought he had \"arrived at the ultimate of evil\".\nThe Ens family didn't have a radio. The only kind of music they made were Evangeliumslieder (gospel songs).\nHe remembers Low German plays put on in his community.\n\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=2.0,354.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"musical instruments","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"radio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious songs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"singing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tales","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=2.0,354.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Evangeliumslieder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grimm brothers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=2.0,354.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Language use, neighbours, social relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=354.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ens' first language was Low German. He learned to write and read High German before he went to school. He quotes Jack Thiessen who said that the only fatherland the Mennonites ever had was the Low German language.\nThe language of instruction in school was English, but they had half an hour of German classes in the morning. The children were discouraged from using Lower German in the school but for the beginners who knew no other language, the teacher spoke Low German too.\nEns describes his neighbours who were all Mennonites. The village was homogenous Mennonite, although there were two types of Mennonites: the Canadian Mennonites who came here in the 1870s and 1880s (called \"Kanadier\"), and then there were the \"Russländer\" who had come in the 1920s. Both groups spoke the same Low German and had the same surnames.\nBut there was one exception: There was a Ukrainian family living in this village which became part of the community. All the children in that family spoke Low German. They even took the Mennonite catechism. About five or six miles away, there was an English family living among the Mennonites, and the two girls of that family also learned Low German.\nEns recalls that he went gopher hunting with his friends.\nHis parents friends included mostly the members of the church. They also clubbed together for threshing operations.\nEns recalls that he and his friends played a ball game called Polack. He describes the game.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=354.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baseball","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ice hockey","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pocket gophers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"threshing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=354.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Thiessen (Mennonite writer)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mennonites","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polack (game)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukrainians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=354.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family history, snowball references","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=891.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ens recalls a brother of him is currently working on a family book.\n\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=891.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family histories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=891.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Normal school, teaching during WW II, conscientious objection","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=1090.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ens finished normal school in 1942. His first year of teaching was in a neighbouring village, he taught grades 1 to 4. He found it very difficult as he hadn't been properly prepared. He recalls how he came up with a good Christmas program for the first time.\nIn spring of 1943, the department of education learned he was a conscientious objector. Because of that, his teaching certificate was cancelled but very soon, this policy was stopped.\nHe had to quit teaching abruptly.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=1090.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conscientious objection","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"student teaching","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=1090.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mennonite identity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=1273.0,1456.10014"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ens' primary identity is being a Mennonite, a member of the Mennonite church but also an adherent of the Mennonite cultural values. He also considers himself a German-speaking Mennonite.\nWhen he grew up, he had minimal contact with non-Mennonites. The only Mennonite he ever saw was a person in the department of education but even the inspector was a Mennonite, and the teachers were all Mennonites.\nHe describes his first contacts with non-Mennonites in Winnipeg as \"a bit painful at times\". Ens says he learned to say no to things.\n\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=1273.0,1456.10014"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ethnic identity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=1273.0,1456.10014"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741/index/52341/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mennonites","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58609/file/132741#t=1273.0,1456.10014"}]}]}]}