{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/542j679h56/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Interview with Paul Hawirko"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/128/original/UA_Logo_WHT_RGB_%281%29.png?1725471982","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/\"\u003eAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\u003c/a\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Kule Folklore Centre (Creator)","Hawirko, Paul (Interviewee)","Lesiv, Mariya (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2004-05-18 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["9 audio files; mp3; 4:17:12","audio/mpeg"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["z603qz55s (avalonid)","LC167 (other)","2004-091-1706 (local)","2004-091-1707 (local)","2004-091-1708 (local)","2004-091-1709 (local)","2004-091-1710 (local)","2004-091-1711 (local)","2004-091-1712 (local)","2004-091-1713 (local)","2004-091-1714 (local)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["oral histories (topical)","foodways (topical)","farm life (topical)","education (topical)","religion (topical)","holidays (topical)","Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (spatial)","Reno, Alberta, Canada (spatial)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date First Ingested"]},"value":{"en":["2021-02-03"]}},{"label":{"en":["Note"]},"value":{"en":["Includes some Ukrainian (language)","Interviewee: Hawirko, Paul (creation/production)","Interviewer: Lesiv, Mariya (creation/production)"]}}],"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/\"\u003eAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\u003c/a\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["University of Alberta Library"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["University of Alberta Library"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/128/original/UA_Logo_WHT_RGB_%281%29.png?1725471982","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/030/small/audio-default.png?1640633511","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 9 - 2004-091-1706.mp3"]},"duration":1727.71265,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/030/small/audio-default.png?1640633511","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/133/030/original/2004-091-1706.mp3?1660934734","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1727.71265,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/index/52091","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 1 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/index/52091/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Places lived, parents' immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030#t=0.0,323.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/index/52091/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul Henry Hawirko was born on September 30, 1929 in Lavoy, Alberta. He grew up in a district called Reno which is 35 miles south of Peace River, Alberta. Paul's father's family came to Canada in August, 1903. His mother's family came to Canada in 1897. His father's family arrived in Edmonton via train from Halifax before moving onto the Lavoy area. The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) used to rent out farmland and the immigrants would work the land and pay CPR a percentage of their earnings. Paul's father purchased his own land the first year he arrived: it was a rocky area and not great for farming, but they managed. Paul's mother's family settled in the Limestone area of Alberta. They weren't there very long as the land wasn't suitable for farming. They moved to the Plain Lake area.\n\nPaul has lived in Lavoy, Reno, and Edmonton. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030#t=0.0,323.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/index/52091/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schooling, job with Edmonton Journal","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030#t=323.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/index/52091/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul completed his grade 12 education and took 9 months of a commercial course in order to learn typing, accounting, office procedures, and so forth. John Percy Page (future Lt. Governor of Alberta) was principal at the time, and gave Paul a job due to Paul's good grades. A friend of Page owned the Edmonton Journal and needed someone to work in the circulation department. Paul accepted the job and worked for the Edmonton Journal. Paul has taken extra extension courses at university, but has not taken any university programs.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030#t=323.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/index/52091/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father's family, mother's family, immigration to Canada","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030#t=432.0,1072.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/index/52091/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul grew up with his parents. He was a teenager when he lived with them in Edmonton. Paul was 21 when his mother passed away at the age of 51. Paul then lived with his father for a number of years after that. His father became an excellent cook out of necessity and a number of male boarders with them also loved the cooking. Paul had (and has) 4 sisters, the oldest of which is 85, and the youngest is 77.\n\nPaul's father always considered himself an Austrian even though it was Ukraine. When he grew up in the late 1890s, the area he came from was under the Austrian Empire. Paul has a number of family members on that side that served in the Austrian army before they came to Canada. Thus, Paul's father always considered himself Austrian. Specifically, Paul's father was from the Galician region.\n\nPaul's mother was Ukrainian, though she was born in Strathcona, near Edmonton. Paul's maternal grandparents were married in 1895 and then came to Canada in 1897 and they had Paul's mother in 1899. Paul's paternal grandfather married a widow and they had 1 daughter together. He then married another widow with whom he had another daughter. She died, and then he married Paul's grandmother, with whom he had 3 children in the old country, and then 5 more in Canada.\n\nCanada was advertising to bring a lot of immigrants to help settle the west and, coming from a country where they couldn't own their own property, this meant a great deal. It was regarded as the land of milk and honey. It was through these advertising efforts that Paul's family came to Canada. Paul's grandfather was a tailor that did leather craft. When the family arrived, he could not continue his trade, so he farmed. It was through a lot of word of mouth that people learned about Canada being a place of freedom, land, owning property, and doing as you pleased, but it wasn't the land of milk and honey as life was still tough.\n\nPeople left Ukraine because they felt there was no future for them there. People worked for a landlord, but they never owned the land they worked on. When they learned they could become their own bosses, they decided to leave.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030#t=432.0,1072.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/index/52091/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Homestead, old country, entertaining and singing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030#t=1072.0,1727.71265"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030/index/52091/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The homestead program allowed people to claim ownership of a parcel of land so long as they cleared the land and turned it into workable land, capable of planting crops. They had a certain amount of land they had to clear. When the family moved to Reno they received 2 quarters of land under the program. It cost $10 to buy a quarter section of land under the condition that the land be farmed and that the family live on the land. These were the conditions for owning a homestead. $10 was a fair amount of money in those days, but considering where they came from, it was worth it.\n\nPaul didn't know his grandparents. On father's side, both grandparents died before Paul was born. On his mother's side, his grandfather died when Paul was 6 (they couldn't afford to go to the funeral), and Paul briefly knew his grandmother, though she died when Paul was a teenager. Paul doesn't recall her discussing history from Ukraine. Paul's father told Paul a lot of stories about the old country. One thing that sticks in Paul's mind is the constant wars they had in Europe. Parents wanted to get the family out of there, because of the warring. There wasn't widespread abuse of civilians in those wars, but that changed. This is because lands tended to change hands with relative frequency. Paul's father recalled that there used to be cannon fire over the village and his parents told them to take shelter in the barn. Paul doesn't remember too many stories about living conditions, but he does know that life was very sparse.\n\nPaul's father never regretted moving to Canada, though he did miss the old traditions from the old country. He missed the music from the old country. When families got together, they would very often wind up singing. Whenever they were entertaining, after supper, there would be singing. They sang at home. People went as families to visit. Sometimes liquor would help encourage people to sing. Paul sang, but not often in Ukrainian. Paul can't sing anymore, but he still pops into the local Legion to hear people playing music and singing.\n\nPaul's family was one of the newer families to settle in the Reno area. Paul's father really helped to develop the Reno area.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133030#t=1072.0,1727.71265"}]}]},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 9 - 2004-091-1707.mp3"]},"duration":1637.06776,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/031/small/audio-default.png?1640633559","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/133/031/original/2004-091-1707.mp3?1660934762","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1637.06776,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031/index/52090","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 2 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031/index/52090/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's father, district, dances, singing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031#t=0.0,642.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031/index/52090/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's school was established in 1930. As there was no school in Paul's community at the time, his father recruited a teacher for a school. His father also took on the role of organizing the community in the construction of roads as there were no roads in the community at the time. The district engineer for the provincial government was in Peace River and Paul's father worked with him to develop the roads. During the \"Hungry 30s\", when families were really suffering, the government established a relief fund where the government would donate to people with the expectation that the people would pay the government back. Parents could not meet all the clothing or food needs for their children, which is why the government stepped in. For the families, the father would be expected to work off the debt. Paul's father was overseer of the relief program in his district. He kept track of all the hours each head of the family spent on the various projects: cutting brush for roads, ploughing, and digging ditches for the roads. Paul's father was the one to spearhead the development in the area in which they lived. There were other Eastern European immigrants that settled in Paul's area. Very few could speak English, so Paul's father took it upon himself to help those people. Paul's father came to Canada when he was 13 and could not speak a word of English. By the time he was 21, he joined the Northwest Mounted Police before buying his way out of the police force so he could marry Paul's mother. He hired a tutor to teach him English as he was determined to learn and do something with his life. Paul's father had many jobs over the course of his life: a jack-of-all-trades.\n\nPeople made their own entertainment in those days as there weren't movies or other things. Once the school was completed, it was used for dances on the weekends. They had some people from nearby communities come by to play music at these dances. Everyone in the family would get together and go to these dances. They also had box socials. Paul explains the concept and process of a box social. Paul remembers his father sitting with some people that liked to sing for lunch and soon after there were 15 to 20 people all singing Ukrainian songs at the dance. The majority of people in the area were Ukrainian. Originally, the songs were all in Ukrainian, but later the Ukrainian songs were also sung in English. There was a musical group called Mickey and Bunny out of Winnipeg that would sing the Ukrainian songs in English. The tune was the same, but the words were anglicized.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031#t=0.0,642.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031/index/52090/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Voting, earning money","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031#t=642.0,1069.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031/index/52090/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's parents were happy in Canada. His father believed strongly in the democratic system and never missed voting in all his years; he felt voting was an important part of being Canadian. He was quite bothered by people not voting because he had the experience of coming from a non-democratic country.\n\nPaul's family lived comfortably during the 30s, relative to a lot of other families in their district. The farm was mixed (various crops, animals, etc.) and the family managed to sell produce, grains, and eggs. In the winter, they would trap animals and sell the furs. Paul's father would organize tie camps: neighbours would be brought together with their horses and sleighs and they would cut down trees for railroad ties, which would be sold to the railway. Kids would get 1 and a half cents for peeling the bark off of a tie. Paul remembers he and his friend would stay after school at one of the railroad sidings, just peeling the ties. Paul also earned money with a trap line: he would bait a trap and harvest the animal's skin which would be sold. Weasel pelts were about 25 cents and rabbit pelts were about 10 cents. Paul also sold juice mix for a company. Through all these jobs, Paul managed to save up enough money to purchase a bicycle at 12 years of age. Paul still has the receipt and still has the bicycle.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031#t=642.0,1069.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031/index/52090/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foods grown and purchased, farming","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031#t=1069.0,1637.06776"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031/index/52090/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's family always kept the seeds from the previous year to re-seed the following year. Under the house, Paul's family had a dugout made of logs and dirt. The only things that were purchased were sugar, salt, flour (occasionally as they could produce their own). They could produce their own meat, eggs, milk, vegetables, and other things because of their mixed farm. Paul's mother always had a pot of soup on the stove and they would have soup at least twice a day. They would kill wild deer, moose, pheasants, partridges, and that sort of thing for additional food. The food wasn't wasted: the animals were killed due to necessity, not for sport.\n\nPaul says that wheat durum wheat grew best, though that was what was in demand. There was a grain elevator in Reno where the agent would purchase the grain from the farmer. There was usually only one farmer that had a threshing machine. So farmers would arrange their harvest so that the threshers would come and harvest the grain all at the same time. The farmers would help each other with the harvest so they could use the thresher. Once the harvest was finished, someone would bring out a keg of beer and they would drink beer until it was time to move onto the next field. People seldom grew anything besides wheat. Most of the oats that were grown went towards animal feed.\n\nPaul's father was away after 1941 to help with a pipeline project. Many people went out in the winter to help with this project in the North West Territories. The US Army helped with the project as it was during the war: oil was needed for the war effort.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133031#t=1069.0,1637.06776"}]}]},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 3 of 9 - 2004-091-1708.mp3"]},"duration":1648.19592,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/032/small/audio-default.png?1640633608","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032/content/3/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/133/032/original/2004-091-1708.mp3?1660934790","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1648.19592,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032/index/52089","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 3 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032/index/52089/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Water, food preservation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032#t=0.0,528.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032/index/52089/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The farm they settled on in Reno had a small stream running through it. However, the stream was primarily run off in the early spring and the stream would become just a trickle in the summer. As more and more people settled in the area, there was less and less habitat for the stream as the trees were cut down and the streams disappeared and dried out. Paul's family had to improvise with water. Other than digging wells, which they found didn't provide enough water, they built a water tank out of planks in the winter time. Tar was used to seal it. They used to hitch up horses and travel to a small lake and they would fill up the tank with pails. They would bring the tank back and poured it out into a small well. This was how they hauled water in for the animals. They would also melt snow or ice in empty oil barrels that were placed over a fire. They had to throw a lot of snow into the barrel to get any appreciable amount of water. Paul's father also built an ice house using sawdust to insulate the sides. They would go out to the lake and saw through the ice before hauling up the blocks of ice and hauling them home. The ice would be kept through summer as a means of keeping food cool and as drinking water as it melted. The well they had was drinkable, but it smelled and tasted bad.\n\nThey had a dugout underneath the house. In there, they had a bin for potatoes, beets, turnips, and other things like that. Paul's mother used to make cottage cheese which she made in the fall. It was made in a large container such as a barrel and the cheese would be stored in the dugout where it would freeze. Paul and his father would take a 5 gallon cream can, fill it with sour milk, and they would put a few big chunks of ice in it and that was what they used to drink as they worked all day. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032#t=0.0,528.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032/index/52089/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Raising farm animals, raising a bear, firearms","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032#t=528.0,1021.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032/index/52089/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's family had horses, cows, pigs, chickens, sometimes turkeys (but coyotes and foxes would attack them). Turkeys were apparently stupid and would not run when approached by a coyote. Paul's father and uncle went out to pick blueberries and they would always bring a gun into uninhabited areas. Once, they were attacked by a mother bear with two cubs and were forced to shoot the bear. They captured the two orphaned cubs and so Paul's family raised a bear cub for a time. They kept it on a chain in the yard. One day, a mounted police officer came up to the property after being informed that Paul's family was keeping a wild animal. The officer made Paul's family release the bear. Because the bear would have been a problem for humans (it was not prepared to live in the wild, Paul's father killed the bear). Paul's uncle released his bear and that bear hung around and followed Paul and his sister home one day. Paul's father then shot the bear.\n\nPaul was taught to safely handle a gun at a very young age. Maintaining a gun back then was a matter of survival. Paul's father set a bear trap for a bear that was threatening farm animals and put some meat on it. He caught the bear and killed it. They skinned the bear and did not waste the meat as it was fed to the pigs.\n\nThe domestic animals were raised for home consumption as well as for money. The horses were used for labour. Paul would sometimes ride his horse to school. Paul and his sister would ride a cutter (a two person sleigh) to school and back. In the summer, they mostly walked to school until Paul got his bike.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032#t=528.0,1021.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032/index/52089/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School, traveling to Reno, breaking his arm","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032#t=1021.0,1648.19592"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032/index/52089/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul and his sister used a cutter (two person sleigh) to get to school. In the summer, Paul and his sister would mostly walk to school until Paul got his bicycle. Because the roads did not open up to Reno directly, they had to take a 7 mile roundabout route to the village school. At the time, there was a grain elevator, a general store, and a section house for the railroad foreman. Those were the only buildings in the village. At first, there was only a one room school with a single teacher that taught grades 1 through 12. Then, after they got the two room school, there were two teachers: one taught grades 1 to 6 and the other taught grades 7 to 12. Paul tells a story about a dog visiting Paul and his father when they were riding a horse. The dog spooked the horse which threw Paul and his father; Paul broke his arm in several places around the elbow. Paul remembers going on a train with his mother to Peace River to the hospital. They put a plastic or rubberized material over Paul's face to administer ether as a way of putting Paul under. Paul's arm did not set properly, so the doctor had to re-break Paul's arm, though it again did not settle properly. They decided to remove Paul's tonsils as well, but the ether triggered something in Paul's heart and he could not go back to school for two years. Paul did manage to catch up to the other kids.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133032#t=1021.0,1648.19592"}]}]},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 4 of 9 - 2004-091-1709.mp3"]},"duration":1622.02122,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/033/small/audio-default.png?1640633655","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/content/4/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/133/033/original/2004-091-1709.mp3?1660934817","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1622.02122,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/index/52088","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 4 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/index/52088/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Garden, crops, seeds","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033#t=0.0,477.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/index/52088/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In their garden, Paul's family planted nearly every vegetable. Examples: potato, cabbage, beets, onions, strawberries, squash, melons, raspberries, Saskatoon berries, corn, peas (which were grown in great abundance), turnips, rhubarb. Paul's mother mostly worked the garden, though his father would help with the garden in the evening after finishing on the farm. Everyone in the family helped with the planting of seeds. Paul's father would plough the garden and harrow it. Then, the family would plant the seeds as a unit. They planted as early as they could in the spring, depending on the weather. Paul still tries to plant his garden as early as possible. Paul's family tried to produce their own seeds when possible. His mother would grow poppies and keep the seeds from one year to the next. The seeds from the grains would be kept from one year to the next: wheat, oat, barley, flax, etc. In those days, they didn't grow any canola: they grew grasses for hay (though Paul can't remember the kind of grass they grew). ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033#t=0.0,477.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/index/52088/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chores, sisters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033#t=477.0,873.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/index/52088/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's family was like a co-op: everyone would pitch in. When it came time to milk the cows, there would be several of them milking cows at once. Other chores included feeding the pigs and chickens. Transferring livestock from one meadow to another. When taking animals out to pasture, Paul would take a gun as there were bears in the area. With chores, there was some difference between boys and girls. Paul was the only boy and he was very young during the 30s, so his parents did most things. His sisters started working at a very young age and left fairly early. One sister did housekeeping for a well-off family. She was paid and given room and board. Two other sisters went to work as waitresses in Peace River. The last sister (the youngest of the sisters) was still in school when they left Reno. Paul's oldest sister was married in 1940, by which time she had been away from home for about 5 years.\n\nPaul's family never officially hired anyone to help with the farm. When they moved to Reno, they had a friend of the family and a cousin that would live with Paul's family off and on. They would pick up odd jobs when and where they could. They would also help out around the farm.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033#t=477.0,873.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/index/52088/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Church, religion, general store","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033#t=873.0,1208.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/index/52088/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no church in Reno while Paul's family lived there. Instead, church services would be held in private homes by a variety of faiths. There were Greek Orthodox people and Catholic people in the area (these were the predominant faiths). There were some United Church people in the English community, as well. The families would arrange for a priest to come in for sermons when they could. The priests would conduct their services in homes associated with their faith (for example, Catholic priest in a Catholic home), but everyone was welcome to attend the sermon. Thus, when other priests came by to other homes, everyone would still attend. Paul's parents were Greek Orthodox. When Paul was 9 or 10, a Brother came out to Reno to teach catechisms and anyone that wanted to attend was welcome. Paul attended for 2 summers, despite not being Catholic.\n\nDuring most of the 30s, there was only 1 store in Reno. In 1938, a second store opened up. The second business didn't last long and the owner was forced to move back to Edmonton after 5 years. He could not compete with the original store owner. The first store was a general store with a post office and he would stock mechanical parts that people often needed. The second store primarily sold groceries and sweets. The general store would place deliveries for people and things would come by train.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033#t=873.0,1208.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/index/52088/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Other locations in Reno, Paul's house, farm buildings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033#t=1208.0,1622.02122"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033/index/52088/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's school was a community hall. Reno did build a community hall at the start of the War. The nearest police station was Peace River. There were no blacksmiths and the farmers would do the horseshoes themselves. There were no bars in Reno, but Peace River had those amenities.\n\nThe family home was small. It was sparsely decorated and had just the bare essentials in it. There was a dining room table for the family and guests to eat at. His parent's had their bed at one end of the room and Paul had his cot at the other end of the room: the house was one big room on the bottom floor. The upstairs is where Paul's sisters had their beds. The house was very spartan. The house was heated via a large cast-iron wood-burning kitchen stove which was used for baking and cooking. They had a small heater that would be lit through the night and hopefully still lit by morning. However, the house was still cold at night. Sometimes, Paul's hair would be frozen to the wall if he washed his hair before bed.\n\nOther buildings on the farm included an icehouse, chicken coop, cow barn, horse barn, granary, a mobile bunkhouse, an outhouse, and covers for the machinery. Those were the only buildings. In 1940, Paul's father built a 1 car garage for his brother-in-law's car. The brother-in-law stored the car there because he worked for the railway and didn't know where he would be going and could not bring the car with him. The buildings, while numerous, were very simple.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133033#t=1208.0,1622.02122"}]}]},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 5 of 9 - 2004-091-1710.mp3"]},"duration":1696.52245,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/034/small/audio-default.png?1640633707","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034/content/5/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/133/034/original/2004-091-1710.mp3?1660934849","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1696.52245,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034/index/52087","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 5 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034/index/52087/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Breakfast, food produced, food preserved, foods prepared","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034#t=0.0,1113.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034/index/52087/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For breakfast, Paul ate porridge (most often), rolled oats, and ground oats that would be added to porridge. They also had eggs (boiled, fried, poached), but porridge was the most common. They didn't have fruit for breakfast in those days as fruit was more of a luxury in those days. The food was very basic. They didn't purchase bread until they moved into the city. Paul's mother baked a sourdough bread very often, with yeast being preserved after use. She made bread every week with fresh butter. Paul's mother would also make cheese from the curds (usually cottage cheese). She also made pyrohy, noodles, and soup (soup was available almost every day). The type of soup changed depending on what was available: lots of vegetables in the summer, and more meat in the off season from hunting). They also had chicken soup quite often.\n\nPaul's family was never short on food, though he knows many families at the time were. His mother had a strong imagination when it came to preparing food. She also made salads using vegetables from the garden and leaves from dandelions. Paul's mother also canned a lot of food, like the meats (which would be boiled, spiced, and put into jars). Paul's father made a smokehouse that meat and fish could be hung in, allowing the heat and smoke from a small fire would cure and cook the food. The food would cook for a long time. All the meat would come off it and Paul quite enjoyed that meat. Paul also remembers helping his parents to make garlic sausage: beef or pork. They would keep the intestines from an animal that was killed, the meat would be ground up and stuffed salted/peppered and stuffed into the casings, and then the sausages would be smoked. Salted pork was something that also produced: the salt penetrated the fat and the fat was used for frying and other things.\n\nPaul didn't drink coffee until he was 12 or 13. Paul's mother made sandwiches to take to school. Paul's favourite was beef with mustard on it. Before he started drinking coffee, his mother made hot chocolate in a thermos for Paul to bring to school. For other meals, Paul's family ate a lot of potatoes (mashed, fried, etc). His family also had something they called baked pyrohy which were different to regular pyrohy and quite delicious. Paul's mother also made a food that was dough wrapped in cabbage leaf. The dough would rise and it would be eaten with sour cream. She also made \"lazy cabbage rolls\". They churned their own butter, their own cream, and their own milk. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034#t=0.0,1113.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034/index/52087/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sisters, recipes, father's cooking, meals","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034#t=1113.0,1696.52245"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034/index/52087/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's sister helped, but his sisters were leaving the farm as Paul grew up. His oldest sister left when Paul was 4. Paul's youngest sister didn't help around the house much as \"she had her own idea about what life was all about\".\n\nPaul's mother did not have many recipes as she did not read much English. Most of everything she did was learned from her mother. She was 15 when she was married to Paul's father (who was in his 20s). Paul's father was not a good cook as he spent most of his time in the field. When Paul's mother died at age 51, Paul and his father lived together. At that point, the two of them, out of necessity, learned how to cook. Paul's father became a very good cook as he found he enjoyed it. Paul's mother was not comfortable speaking English, though she understood it quite well. Paul's father got to the point where he did quite a bit of cooking and baking and, after he retired, became quite the chef. Paul's mother used to make borsch with pork ribs in it, and Paul's father didn't like the meat but never complained. When Paul's father started making borsch, he made it without meat.\n\nPaul's mother also made a lot of sauerkraut in the fall. They would fill large barrels with the sauerkraut and smaller jars as well. She also used to make a mashed potato with garlic in it. Paul says it was probably a poor person's way of preparing a meal.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133034#t=1113.0,1696.52245"}]}]},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 6 of 9 - 2004-091-1711.mp3"]},"duration":1759.16408,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/035/small/audio-default.png?1640633762","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/content/6/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/133/035/original/2004-091-1711.mp3?1660934880","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1759.16408,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/index/52086","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 6 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/index/52086/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sundays, Easter, visits","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035#t=0.0,232.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/index/52086/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sundays were special as no one was allowed to work on Sunday (besides the basic chores with the animals). At Easter, Paul's mother would make paska and babka, and shaved horseradish with boiled eggs. People in those days had no advanced warning of neighbours coming to visit as communication was difficult. Thus, it was always a surprise when people came by. Paul was amazed that his mother could put out a diversified meal with very little notice. Paul remembers having to kill a chicken because company had arrived. Company was always asked to stay for supper.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035#t=0.0,232.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/index/52086/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christmas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035#t=232.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/index/52086/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christmas was celebrated with a special dinner: turkey, ham, cabbage rolls, pyrohy, head cheese, wheat with poppy seed and honey, and pickled herring. They used to be able to purchase salted herring and then they pickled it themselves. When he got older, Paul could look forward to one gift at Christmas. There was a dish Paul remembers that was made from the juice from sauerkraut, dried mushrooms, potatoes, and it was served cold. They enjoyed it in the summer time. Christmas was celebrated in January as they followed the Julian Calendar. When they came into Edmonton in 1944, they tried to celebrate both December and January Christmases (due to school and working schedules).\n\nPaul's family never had a Christmas tree. Paul remembers getting a present and a big meal. The first gift Paul received was either a firetruck or an aeroplane (toys). He also received a gun, a Mickey Mouse watch, and Paul can't remember what else. He still has the aeroplane, but he gave the other gifts to some of his nieces. Everyone received gifts and his parents gave each other something. During the 30s, gift giving was minimal. During Christmas, neither hay nor straw was brought into the house. There was no Christmas tree in the community.\n\nThe kids did not go carolling. Paul knows they used to have extended celebrations with families they were quite close to. They would go from one house to the next. There was a lot of singing during these visits (Christmas carols). ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035#t=232.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/index/52086/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Easter, weddings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035#t=931.0,1662.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/index/52086/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul can only recall one detail about Easter: the food. He still boils egg and shredded horseradish for Easter. The food was not blessed in the church as there was not church.\n\nThe weddings in the 30s were nothing compared to Edmonton and the surrounding area. The weddings they had in Reno were a far shorter version of what was had in Edmonton. There was a lot of drinking (lots of it moonshine). Ukrainian weddings in Edmonton area were a multiple day event. Paul doesn't remember the outfits worn by the bride and groom, but he remembers they changed over time. Photographers were not often brought to weddings during the 30s as people couldn't afford them. Paul's sister's wedding was a small affair, not even in a church. There was always someone around that could play some music at a wedding, but never a formal band. Paul can't remember more than 2 weddings from when he was a kid and they were held in private homes. There were people dancing, but there wasn't much room for dance. There was singing at the weddings, but Paul can't remember the songs. Paul can't remember the food at the weddings, but they didn't have as much variety in food as they do now.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035#t=931.0,1662.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/index/52086/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Travel and transportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035#t=1662.0,1759.16408"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035/index/52086/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's family didn't travel much as he was growing up. Within the community, they travelled everyday to get to school, usually by buggy, wagon, or sleigh. Towards the end of the 30s, there were a few cars, but most people couldn't afford to buy or maintain them. Paul's family had a car, briefly, in Peace River, but Paul's father never had a car after that.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133035#t=1662.0,1759.16408"}]}]},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 7 of 9 - 2004-091-1712.mp3"]},"duration":1742.49796,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/036/small/audio-default.png?1640633820","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/content/7/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/133/036/original/2004-091-1712.mp3?1660934913","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1742.49796,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/index/52085","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 7 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/index/52085/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clothing made and clothing ordered","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036#t=0.0,545.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/index/52085/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For clothes, things were very sparse or basic by today's standards. They didn't have many changes of clothes and they wore the same clothes until they wore out. Shoes were worn until they were completely worn out. When he was 10 or 11, he wore breeches with 2 or 3 pairs of woollen socks with a pair of moccasins. Paul's parents used to tan hides of the animals they killed. Paul's mother made moccasins and mittens for the kids. Paul describes the mitts and the decoration that was made into them. Paul's family was fortunate to have the clothing they did in the 30s as other kids would have rubber boots with stockings. Paul's family never had a problem with cold feet because they had proper foot protection.\n\nPaul's mother also used to make clothing for her family. He describes a coat she made using many different colours. Clothing was also ordered from catalogues. A number of families received clothing from the government relief program, but Paul's family never had to use relief. There were no clothing stores near Paul's home, and the ones in Peace River would have been too expensive. Eaton's and Simpson's were the catalogues that people ordered from. Simpson's eventually became Sear's. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036#t=0.0,545.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/index/52085/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hair, makeup, jewelry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036#t=545.0,782.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/index/52085/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's family wore some formal wear for special occasions for things like visits, school, or other special events.\n\nPaul's hair was cut by his mother or father and Paul still has the clippers.\n\nPaul doesn't remember his mother wearing makeup during the 30s. She did in later years, however. The jewelry was cheap back then, if there was any. People didn't spend money on non-essential things.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036#t=545.0,782.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/index/52085/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sickness, accidents, home remedies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036#t=782.0,1506.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/index/52085/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everyone in the family was born at home. If people got sick, home remedies were used. Paul still believes in many of those remedies. If you feel a cold coming on, gargle with an aspirin and warm water to stop the sore throat. Warm olive oil in the ear was also used. A hot water bottle was also used. Liniment was also used. Travelling salesmen would go around selling different cures for colds, aches, and other ailments. Watkins is still used by Paul: if the neck is sore, they rub Watkin's liniment on the neck and it would not be sore by morning.\n\nOne of Paul's neighbour was over at his place, helping Paul's father chop firewood. The neighbour managed to cut their big toe off. He immediately rode home, and his mother put the toe back on and wrapped the toe up in something involving boiled milk. The toe reconnected and was fine after a year. One of that neighbour's neighbours had an accident where a double bladed axe broke at the handle and the blade went into the man's head. So they took that neighbour to the lady that reattached the toe and she treated that head wound in the same way. The man suffered no complications from that wound.\n\nWhen Paul's pony was young, it ran into a fence and badly cut up its back ankle. Paul's father used a disinfectant on the wound which Paul had to reapply over many weeks. Eventually, it healed. There were no veterinarians nearby. Doctors wouldn't be seen unless surgery or other major operations were needed. People made due with home remedies whenever possible. There were some instances where improper treatment or poor healing led to lifelong problems. That was, however, just how it was in those days. Doctors were expensive in those days, so it was better to go without one. Paul's mother would put a drop of liniment onto a tablespoon of sugar to treat a sore throat, despite that being an external medicine.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036#t=782.0,1506.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/index/52085/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School, jobs at school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036#t=1506.0,1742.49796"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036/index/52085/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul went to school for two weeks before being off for two years (due to an injury), so he started school when he was 9. He took grade 1 to 3 in the first year, then grade 4, then a combined 5 and 6. Thus, he made up for the two years he lost. He went to the 1 room school for those first two week. When he came back, at 9, it was at the closer 2 room school. Both of the schools were in Reno.\n\nSchool hours were from 9 until 3:30. Paul can't describe a typical school day. They initially had two female teachers and the boys had the job of starting fires in the stove at school to keep the place warm. They put water into the drinking containers. They swept up the place from the night before. Blackboards also had to be cleaned off.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133036#t=1506.0,1742.49796"}]}]},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 8 of 9 - 2004-091-1713.mp3"]},"duration":1749.26367,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/037/small/audio-default.png?1640633876","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/content/8/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/133/037/original/2004-091-1713.mp3?1660934946","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1749.26367,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 8 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Typical school day, discipline","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=0.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From grade 7 to 12, they had about 25 to 30 kids in the class. There was a blackboard across the front and one across the side, opposite some windows. They had individual desks. In grades 1 to 6, they shared chairs and tables. Paul describes the tables.\n\nA typical day started with an assignment: each grade had something to do. The teacher would look after one grade while the other worked on something else. One big advantage of attending multiple grades in one classroom is that it was easier for Paul to catch up. His sister also helped to teach Paul at home when he wasn't going to school. Paul doesn't remember any problem students, though teachers weren't soft back then. Teachers would never be called by their first names. Paul and his wife couldn't believe that it happens now.\n\nPaul recounts an accident that happened in class with a glue spillage. No one came forward and the teacher wouldn't let people go home until someone cleaned it up. Paul had chores to do and tried to clean it up. The teacher asked if Paul was the one who did it, to which he answered \"no\", and the teacher told him to sit down. They later had a male teacher that was a true disciplinarian: no one dared speak in class. Paul thinks the discipline made for better citizens.\n\nLunch time was inside during the winter time. Three girls from a family were very good artists and they would draw animals and things on the blackboards after lunch. One of those girls went into taxidermy and was quite talented at it.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=0.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School subjects, school supplies, language in school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=602.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had the standard subjects in school. Social, reading and writing, arithmetic, and science. Paul still has a report card from those years. They didn't have any of the extra additional subjects that city schools would have. Their education was very basic. There was a lot of memory training: memorization and whatnot. Grammar was important, as well. They didn't have classes like drama, biology, trigonometry, or other specialized courses.\n\nSchool supplies were the responsibility of the parents. Supplies were passed on from generation to generation and other things would be purchased secondhand when possible. The schools were only supplied with the teachers and the chalk that went on the boards. School was taught in English only. There was no punishment for using another language in school. The school was predominantly Ukrainian, though there were Czechoslovakian, Hungarian, and Metis children. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=602.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Language, friends, games","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=923.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul spoke very little English at home until he was 4. Paul's mother never spoke English and Paul always spoke Ukrainian to her. However, over the years, she would speak Ukrainian to Paul and Paul would speak English to her. By the time he started school, Paul was very comfortable in English.\n\nPaul's closest friend was a neighbour kid (who lived 2 miles away) who was one of 13 brothers. When they hung out there were usually 2 or 3 of the brothers with them. They were the only kids that age in that end of the community. In order to know more kids, they would have to go further. Beyond Paul's farm, there was nothing but brush, so they were at the end of the community. Together, the kids would play ball together. In the winter, when a train went by the school, they would call out to the engineer for steam. When the steam hit the snow, it would spray the kids with the snow, which they thought was great fun. They played a modified version of baseball as there wasn't enough children for 2 teams. They'd also use a frozen horse pie as a hockey puck for pickup hockey.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=923.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School events, first time having a soft drink","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=1225.0,1489.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The school organized a few events. There was the school concert that Paul was in, though he can't remember his part in it. The teacher also organized a school picnic near a river where the kids could play ball in the open area. The teacher had one of the fathers use a team of horses and a wagon to get the kids to the picnic. The kids had ice cream, which Paul thinks they must have made there. A rainstorm came and forced them back to the school. Paul and his sister had to walk through a flooded path on the way home. The creek on the property flooded part of the farm as well: the downpour was significant that day.\n\nThere was another picnic on field day. They went to another school in a nearby town, Nampa, and had competitions: races, tug-of-war, and other events. That event was the first time Paul tried a bottle of pop: Paul was 12 or 13. It was Orange Crush. Paul says it is not the same as modern Orange Crush and you can't find the flavour anymore. He liked the flavour of that old pop.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=1225.0,1489.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Homemade drinks, occupation and university","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=1489.0,1664.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul and his father often drank sour milk with a chunk of ice and vinegar water. With the vinegar water, they would pour a bit of vinegar and sugar into water, stir it up, and that was their \"pop\", but it was a good drink to them.\n\nPaul never knew what he wanted to be when he grew up. He thought about it, but he could never think of an occupation that appealed to him. Even in high school, he still couldn't think about what he wanted tot do. He knew he didn't want to do hard manual labour, but that's all he was really sure of. He never had his mind set on a particular career. Paul thinks his parents were a bit disappointed that Paul never went to university as they were certainly prepared to send him to university if he wanted to go. He didn't go because he wouldn't know what he wanted to take. Paul has no regrets in going to university.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=1489.0,1664.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Greetings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=1664.0,1749.26367"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037/index/52084/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People greeted each other primarily in English. Even the Ukrainian people that didn't speak much English would still say hello in English. Though, Ukrainian phrases would still be used.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133037#t=1664.0,1749.26367"}]}]},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 9 of 9 - 2004-091-1714.mp3"]},"duration":1853.80571,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/133/038/small/audio-default.png?1640633935","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/content/9/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-ualberta.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/133/038/original/2004-091-1714.mp3?1660934978","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1853.80571,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Part 9 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=0.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were a few people in the community that were very religious. One family, especially the mother, was very religious. Paul remembers that woman, and a few other women in the neighbourhood, using a religious greeting whenever they met someone. Paul doesn't remember the men using the religious greetings.\n\nPaul's family was not very religious. They didn't say grace, but Paul's father was strict about no work on a Sunday. Paul doesn't think they went out of their way to talk about or be religious. Paul wasn't forced to take the catechism course. His family did not belong to a specific church until they moved to Edmonton.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=0.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childbirth, godparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=286.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no special event in the community when a child was born. There was one family that had a child once a year for many years. Paul's aunt gave birth to Paul's cousin and there was nothing special about it. She was working her garden the day before she gave birth. Baptism depended on the family. As Paul was the youngest in his family, there were no baptisms after him. The family with many children was Catholic and the mother was very religious: they brought a priest in to baptize the children quite frequently. Paul was baptized. He didn't know his godparents. Paul does not know how godparents were chosen. Paul is a godparent to the son of a close friend, but he hasn't seen his godson since he was about 4 years of age.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=286.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community events","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=554.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were no community activities in the community besides the occasional dance. He thinks the dances were spontaneous occasions. In those days, it was such a mixture of people and there wasn't a strong organization to organize events. There was a ball team in their community, which was mainly through the actions of the oldest boys in the community. They got a team together to play against other districts. Paul remembers dances were held in the hayloft of one of the local farmers. The barn was new and open before the hay was brought in.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=554.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reading, newspapers, radios, record players","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=780.0,1105.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's father was a prolific reader. His mother read Ukrainian. Paul's father read everything he could get his hands on and, as Paul mentioned, was self-taught. He was knowledgable in many subjects and that was due to his reading. He enjoyed reading about the different histories of countries and about the peoples of those countries. He was up to date on the political scene as well. He read the newspaper everyday. One of the papers he read was the local journal. In Reno, there was no daily newspaper, but they would get the Winnipeg Free Press weekly, another newspaper from Saskatoon, an American newspaper from Chicago, and a Toronto based newspaper with comics in it. There were only 3 trains a week coming from Edmonton which is when those publications came. The newspapers must have been cheap because they did not have money.\n\nPaul's family had a radio. They got their first radio in 1938 and Paul still has it. It ran on batteries. They also had a cylinder record player which was powered via crank. The second they got (which Paul still has) plays 78 rpm records and it was also hand cranked. They bought that one secondhand, but Paul can't remember when.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=780.0,1105.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discipline, punishment and reward","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=1105.0,1489.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's father was the one who made decisions in the family. Paul's mother took care of minor issues of discipline, while Paul's father doled out the harsher punishments for discipline. Paul emphasizes that his father never laid a hand on Paul his entire life. He never hit or hurt Paul in any way: he just had to look at Paul a certain way and Paul got scared. Paul wasn't terrified of his father, but he was scared enough that he wanted to please his father. It wasn't until Paul was 16 or 17 when Paul and his father really became close: when they became more and more equal. They spent a lot of time together quite often even after Paul got married: they enjoyed each other's company. But Paul's father was still tough, you could tell by the way he spoke.\n\nPaul was rewarded for good behaviour, especially with positive words. Paul's father would often tell people how proud he was of Paul. It wasn't done frivolously: Paul had to earn that. He never embarrassed Paul in front of other people except for one time when Paul was 4 or 5 years old. They were visiting another family that had 2 boys, the family had bought a game with some balls. Paul took one of the balls home and his mother found it and told his father about it. Paul's father didn't do anything at the time, but made Paul give the ball back the next time the family visited. Paul was made to admit what he had done to the people he did it to and that lesson stuck with Paul.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=1105.0,1489.0"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Happy memories, sad memories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=1489.0,1853.80571"},{"id":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038/index/52083/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul's most important memory is family memory of growing up together and helping each other. Paul was happy to see good things happen because the 30s were very tough. People getting together being happy and singing was a happy time and a good event. After harvest was good as people could relax: they would eat and drink. There were many good moments.\n\nPaul has a very sad memory of when Paul's mother learned of her father's death and that she could not go to the funeral (they couldn't afford to have her go to the funeral). Paul remembers a lot of things from childhood because they were important events to him. He thinks people lose something if they forget about their pasts.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ualberta.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1776/collection_resources/58723/file/133038#t=1489.0,1853.80571"}]}]}]}